Journal: NeuroSci

Article Title: Effect of High-Salt Diet on Memory and Behavior in Mice Expressing Human Apolipoprotein Epsilon-4 (APOE4) Allele

doi: 10.3390/neurosci7020043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Memory and learning: the male and female APOE3 and APOE4 mice were trained, and their memory and learning abilities were determined by the Barnes maze test. The bars represent latency to target hole (sec) data as the mean ± SE on normal-salt (0.4%), low-salt (0.1% NaCl) ( A ) and high-salt (4% NaCl) ( B ) diets, n = 7 in the low-salt treatment groups and n = 9 in the high-salt treatment groups. No sex differences were observed. Significance was calculated by Two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests (* p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze behavioral circular apparatus (San Diego Instruments (SDI), San Diego, CA, USA) was constructed of white ABS plastic and contained 20 circular holes (2-inch diameter), evenly spaced along the perimeter of the maze.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: NeuroSci

Article Title: Effect of High-Salt Diet on Memory and Behavior in Mice Expressing Human Apolipoprotein Epsilon-4 (APOE4) Allele

doi: 10.3390/neurosci7020043

Figure Lengend Snippet: Memory in APOE3 and APOE4: 72 h after the 4th training day, memory to reach the target hole was measured by the Barnes maze test. Primary latency ( A , B ), primary errors ( C , D ), total nose pokes ( E , F ), and distance traveled ( G , H ) were measured. Each bar represents data as the mean ± SE, and n = 7 in the low-salt treatment groups and n = 9 in the high-salt treatment groups. No sex differences were observed. Significance was calculated by Two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests. (* p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze behavioral circular apparatus (San Diego Instruments (SDI), San Diego, CA, USA) was constructed of white ABS plastic and contained 20 circular holes (2-inch diameter), evenly spaced along the perimeter of the maze.

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Age-specific Aβ-Tau interactions underlie spatial memory deficits in an APP/PS1 amyloidosis model

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.06.689974

Figure Lengend Snippet: Primary latency, defined as the time required for a mouse to reach the target hole for the first time, was measured in wild-type (WT, open squares) and APP/PS1 transgenic (TG, filled squares) mice during three consecutive training days (five trials per day) in the Barnes maze. At 6 and 12 months of age, no significant differences in primary latency were observed between WT and TG mice, indicating preserved learning performance. At 18 months, TG mice exhibited significantly longer latencies compared to age-matched WT controls on training days 1 and 2 ( P <0.01; LSD post hoc test). The insets show mean primary latency (±SEM) for each training day across ages, with 18-month-old TG mice performing worse than 6-month-old animals. Repeated-measures ANOVA confirmed significant main effects of genotype [F(1,51)=4.7; P <0.05] and significant trial day x age interaction effects on the primary latency of TG and WT animals [F(2,51)=7.5; P <0.01]. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 9-11 per group).

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze apparatus (Panlab S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain) was a circular platform with 20 equidistant holes around its perimeter, elevated 1.5 m above the floor and brightly illuminated by four 120W halogen lamps, to create an aversive environment.

Techniques: Transgenic Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Age-specific Aβ-Tau interactions underlie spatial memory deficits in an APP/PS1 amyloidosis model

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.06.689974

Figure Lengend Snippet: The spatial distribution of nose-pokes across all holes of the Barnes maze was analyzed in wild-type (WT, open circles) and APP/PS1 transgenic (TG, filled circles) mice during the probe trials, which were conducted 24 hours (Day 4) and 8 days (Day 11) after training. The dashed horizontal line represents the level of nose-poking expected by chance (random performance). Insets show the total number of nose-pokes performed during each session. (A) At 6 months of age, WT and TG mice showed comparable search patterns and similar total nose-poke counts. (B) At 12 months, TG mice made significantly fewer nose-pokes in the target hole compared to WT animals on Day 11 ( P <0.01–0.001), indicating impaired memory for the target location. (C) At 18 months, TG mice exhibited impaired spatial memory, as shown by reduced preference for the target hole compared to WT mice on Day 4 ( P <0.001). WT animals also showed reduced target-directed responding between Days 4 and 11 ( P <0.01). Repeated measures ANOVA confirmed significant main effects of genotype [F(1,102)=8.4; P <0.01] and age [F(2,102)=6.6; P <0.01] on the distribution of nose-pokes, along with significant hole x genotype [F(19,1938)=7.2; P <0.001], hole x age [F(38,1938)=3.1; P <0.001] and hole x trial day interaction effects [F(19,1938)=3.3; P <0.001]. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of n = 9-11 mice per group.

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze apparatus (Panlab S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain) was a circular platform with 20 equidistant holes around its perimeter, elevated 1.5 m above the floor and brightly illuminated by four 120W halogen lamps, to create an aversive environment.

Techniques: Transgenic Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Age-specific Aβ-Tau interactions underlie spatial memory deficits in an APP/PS1 amyloidosis model

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.06.689974

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pearson correlation analyses between Barnes maze performance and neuropathological measures in 6-, 12-, and 18-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Significant negative correlations were observed between Aβ plaque load and target block time in all cortical regions and the hippocampus (r = −0.43 to −0.63, P <0.05–0.001), indicating that higher amyloid burden was associated with poorer spatial memory performance. (B) [ 18 F]Flortaucipir binding also correlated negatively with target block time in all regions analyzed (r = −0.50 to −0.57, P <0.01), linking increased tau accumulation with cognitive impairment. (C) [ 3 H]UCB-J binding, a marker of synaptic density, showed weaker correlations, reaching significance only in the frontal (r = −0.45, P <0.05) and parietal/temporal cortices (r = −0.38, P<0.05). Scatter plots on the right illustrate representative correlations between target block time and the total levels of each pathological marker in the brain.

Article Snippet: The Barnes maze apparatus (Panlab S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain) was a circular platform with 20 equidistant holes around its perimeter, elevated 1.5 m above the floor and brightly illuminated by four 120W halogen lamps, to create an aversive environment.

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Blocking Assay, Binding Assay, Marker